Optimization of phenolic compounds extraction and antioxidant activity from Moroccan Crocus sativus L. by-products using predictive modeling and Box-Behnken design

The health benefits of natural antioxidants, particularly phenolic compounds, present in Crocus sativus L. (saffron) are well documented. However, optimizing their extraction from saffron by-products poses significant challenges. This study aimed, for the first time, to enhance the extraction efficiency of phenolic compounds from Moroccan saffron by-products using ultrasound-assisted extraction and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize three independent variables: solvent-to-material ratio, temperature and extraction time. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined using DPPH radical scavenging capacity and the total phenolic content was measured via the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Optimal extraction conditions were identified as a solvent-to-material ratio of 40 mg/30 mL, with a temperature of 50 ◦C and an extraction duration of 15 min, resulting in extracts with enhanced phenolic content and antioxidant activity. This study highlights the potential of saffron by-products as a valuable source of bioactive compounds and emphasizes the utility of RSM in optimizing extraction processes.