Effect of Long-Term Immersion in Low-Salinity Seawater on Epoxy Resin Composites Filled with Marine Secondary Raw Materials

This research explores the potential introduction of marine waste-derived biological fillers within bio-epoxy matrices to mitigate the environmental impact of traditional materials, like fiberglass, in boat construction. However, this raises concerns about biofouling and degradation, issues that have not been extensively investigated in composites, especially over a time frame representative of issues that could arise during service. Although protective solutions like biocides and specific coatings exist, degradation remains challenging when attempting to use eco-friendly natural fillers. This study specifically integrates various biological fillers, namely ceramics (mussel, oyster, clam powder) or ligno-cellulosic (i.e., Posidonia oceanica fibers) into epoxy for use in some boat components (bench seats for the bridge deck), aiming to evaluate the biofouling process under extreme (or decommissioning) conditions. In itself, epoxy does represent an ideal enclosing matrix for biomass waste, which ideally needs to be introduced in significant amounts. The development of biofouling in the specific context of Kotor’s Bay, Montenegro, for a duration of six months, and relevant composite degradation were examined. In particular, three situations were reproduced by positioning the samples in a harbor environment: (i) on the bottom of the sea (2 m. depth), (ii) immersed just below the surface (0.5 m. depth), and (iii) on the splashing surface (pier). The concerns identified appear generally limited in the case of the envisaged application, despite some significant wear effect in the case of the samples containing Posidonia. However, this study also offers information and ca