A2A Adenosine Receptor Antagonists and Their Efficacy in Rat Models of Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) represents a growing challenge to global health, as it involves millions of people. The high grade of disability is due to the loss of dopaminergic neuron activity, and levodopa is the gold-standard therapy used to restore dopamine in the dopamine-denervated regions. Another therapeutic approach is the use of A2A adenosine receptor antagonists and, among them, istradefylline is the only one currently approved for therapy in association with levodopa. In this work, we synthesized A2A adenosine receptor antagonists represented by 9-ethyl-2,8-disubstituted adenine derivatives, which were tested at human adenosine receptors in binding and functional assays. These compounds showed A2A adenosine receptor-binding affinities in the low nanomolar range and 1, 4, and 5 exhibited good potency in the functional assays. Hence, they were evaluated in in vivo rat models of PD, where they were demonstrated to revert haloperidol-induced catalepsy and potentiate levodopa-induced contralateral rotations in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. The most potent derivative, 4, was then evaluated in the tacrine model, where it reduced the tremulous jaw movements, therefore demonstrating an action on parkinsonian tremor. These data revealed 8-ethoxy-2-phenethoxy-9-ethyladenine (4) as an A2A adenosine receptor antagonist endowed with antiparkinsonian effects and as a good candidate to treat the disease.