Insecticidal, behavioral, and biochemical effects of essential oils against Ephestia species: a systematic review

Species of the Ephestia genus are among the most destructive pests attacking stored products. The control of these species relies on conventional harmful chemicals that provoke negative effects on human health and the envi- ronment. In the search for innovative tools to manage Ephestia species, essential oils (EOs) have shown promising effectiveness. This study aimed to review the current state of the art regarding the use of these products against different Ephestia species. Among these, Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller, 1879) is the most extensively studied, and the EOs tested against this species are primarily obtained from species belonging to the Lamiaceae family. Many EOs were found to be effective against all stages of E. kuehniella, including eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults. Moreover, these products exhibited potent ingestion, contact, and fumigant toxicity, while eliciting repellent and anti- feedant effects. The mechanisms underlying the activity of EOs include the depletion of energy reserves, alter- ation in digestive processes, intermediary metabolisms, and detoxification enzymes. Furthermore, neurotoxic effects (diminution and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity), decreased hemocyte count, and induced DNA polymorphism were observed.