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In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)
Klionsky, Daniel J;Abdel-Aziz, Amal Kamal;Abdelfatah, Sara;Abdellatif, Mahmoud;Abdoli, Asghar;Abel, Steffen;Abeliovich, Hagai;Abildgaard, Marie H;Abudu, Yakubu Princely;Acevedo-Arozena, Abraham;Adamopoulos, Iannis E;Adeli, Khosrow;Adolph, Timon E;Adornetto, Annagrazia;Aflaki, Elma;Agam, Galila;Agarwal, Anupam;Aggarwal, Bharat B;Agnello, Maria;Agostinis, Patrizia;Agrewala, Javed N;Agrotis, Alexander;Aguilar, Patricia V;Ahmad, S Tariq;Ahmed, Zubair M;Ahumada-Castro, Ulises;Aits, Sonja;Aizawa, Shu;Akkoc, Yunus;Akoumianaki, Tonia;Akpinar, Hafize Aysin;Al-Abd, Ahmed M;Al-Akra, Lina;Al-Gharaibeh, Abeer;Alaoui-Jamali, Moulay A;Alberti, Simon;Alcocer-Gómez, Elísabet;Alessandri, Cristiano;Ali, Muhammad;Alim Al-Bari, M Abdul;Aliwaini, Saeb;Alizadeh, Javad;Almacellas, Eugènia;Almasan, Alexandru;Alonso, Alicia;Alonso, Guillermo D;Altan-Bonnet, Nihal;Altieri, Dario C;Álvarez, Élida M C;Alves, Sara;Alves da Costa, Cristine;Alzaharna, Mazen M;Amadio, Marialaura;Amantini, Consuelo;Amaral, Cristina;Ambrosio, Susanna;Amer, Amal O;Ammanathan, Veena;An, Zhenyi;Andersen, Stig U;Andrabi, Shaida A;Andrade-Silva, Magaiver;Andres, Allen M;Angelini, Sabrina;Ann, David;Anozie, Uche C;Ansari, Mohammad Y;Antas, Pedro;Antebi, Adam;Antón, Zuriñe;Anwar, Tahira;Apetoh, Lionel;Apostolova, Nadezda;Araki, Toshiyuki;Araki, Yasuhiro;Arasaki, Kohei;Araújo, Wagner L;Araya, Jun;Arden, Catherine;Arévalo, Maria-Angeles;Arguelles, Sandro;Arias, Esperanza;Arikkath, Jyothi;Arimoto, Hirokazu;Ariosa, Aileen R;Armstrong-James, Darius;Arnauné-Pelloquin, Laetitia;Aroca, Angeles;Arroyo, Daniela S;Arsov, Ivica;Artero, Rubén;Asaro, Dalia Maria Lucia;Aschner, Michael;Ashrafizadeh, Milad;Ashur-Fabian, Osnat;Atanasov, Atanas G;Au, Alicia K;Auberger, Patrick;Auner, Holger W;Aurelian, Laure;Autelli, Riccardo;Avagliano, Laura;Ávalos, Yenniffer;Aveic, Sanja;Aveleira, Célia Alexandra;Avin-Wittenberg, Tamar;Aydin, Yucel;Ayton, Scott;Ayyadevara, Srinivas;Azzopardi, Maria;Baba, Misuzu;Backer, Jonathan M;Backues, 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J;Crespo, Jose L;Criollo, Alfredo;Crippa, Valeria;Cristofani, Riccardo;Csizmadia, Tamas;Cuadrado, Antonio;Cui, Bing;Cui, Jun;Cui, Yixian;Cui, Yong;Culetto, Emmanuel;Cumino, Andrea C;Cybulsky, Andrey V;Czaja, Mark J;Czuczwar, Stanislaw J;D'Adamo, Stefania;D'Amelio, Marcello;D'Arcangelo, Daniela;D'Lugos, Andrew C;D'Orazi, Gabriella;da Silva, James A;Dafsari, Hormos Salimi;Dagda, Ruben K;Dagdas, Yasin;Daglia, Maria;Dai, Xiaoxia;Dai, Yun;Dai, Yuyuan;Dal Col, Jessica;Dalhaimer, Paul;Dalla Valle, Luisa;Dallenga, Tobias;Dalmasso, Guillaume;Damme, Markus;Dando, Ilaria;Dantuma, Nico P;Darling, April L;Das, Hiranmoy;Dasarathy, Srinivasan;Dasari, Santosh K;Dash, Srikanta;Daumke, Oliver;Dauphinee, Adrian N;Davies, Jeffrey S;Dávila, Valeria A;Davis, Roger J;Davis, Tanja;Dayalan Naidu, Sharadha;De Amicis, Francesca;De Bosscher, Karolien;De Felice, Francesca;De Franceschi, Lucia;De Leonibus, Chiara;de Mattos Barbosa, Mayara G;De Meyer, Guido R Y;De Milito, Angelo;De Nunzio, Cosimo;De Palma, Clara;De 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Hans-Peter;Elsherbiny, Eslam S;Emerling, Brooke M;Emre, N C Tolga;Eng, Christina H;Engedal, Nikolai;Engelbrecht, Anna-Mart;Engelsen, Agnete S T;Enserink, Jorrit M;Escalante, Ricardo;Esclatine, Audrey;Escobar-Henriques, Mafalda;Eskelinen, Eeva-Liisa;Espert, Lucile;Eusebio, Makandjou-Ola;Fabrias, Gemma;Fabrizi, Cinzia;Facchiano, Antonio;Facchiano, Francesco;Fadeel, Bengt;Fader, Claudio;Faesen, Alex C;Fairlie, W Douglas;Falcó, Alberto;Falkenburger, Bjorn H;Fan, Daping;Fan, Jie;Fan, Yanbo;Fang, Evandro F;Fang, Yanshan;Fang, Yognqi;Fanto, Manolis;Farfel-Becker, Tamar;Faure, Mathias;Fazeli, Gholamreza;Fedele, Anthony O;Feldman, Arthur M;Feng, Du;Feng, Jiachun;Feng, Lifeng;Feng, Yibin;Feng, Yuchen;Feng, Wei;Fenz Araujo, Thais;Ferguson, Thomas A;Fernández, Álvaro F;Fernandez-Checa, Jose C;Fernández-Veledo, Sonia;Fernie, Alisdair R;Ferrante, Anthony W;Ferraresi, Alessandra;Ferrari, Merari F;Ferreira, Julio C B;Ferro-Novick, Susan;Figueras, Antonio;Filadi, Riccardo;Filigheddu, Nicoletta;Filippi-Chiela, Eduardo;Filomeni, Giuseppe;Fimia, Gian Maria;Fineschi, Vittorio;Finetti, Francesca;Finkbeiner, Steven;Fisher, Edward A;Fisher, Paul B;Flamigni, Flavio;Fliesler, Steven J;Flo, Trude H;Florance, Ida;Florey, Oliver;Florio, Tullio;Fodor, Erika;Follo, Carlo;Fon, Edward A;Forlino, Antonella;Fornai, Francesco;Fortini, Paola;Fracassi, Anna;Fraldi, Alessandro;Franco, Brunella;Franco, Rodrigo;Franconi, Flavia;Frankel, Lisa B;Friedman, Scott L;Fröhlich, Leopold F;Frühbeck, Gema;Fuentes, Jose M;Fujiki, Yukio;Fujita, Naonobu;Fujiwara, Yuuki;Fukuda, Mitsunori;Fulda, Simone;Furic, Luc;Furuya, Norihiko;Fusco, Carmela;Gack, Michaela U;Gaffke, Lidia;Galadari, Sehamuddin;Galasso, Alessia;Galindo, Maria F;Gallolu Kankanamalage, Sachith;Galluzzi, Lorenzo;Galy, Vincent;Gammoh, Noor;Gan, Boyi;Ganley, Ian G;Gao, Feng;Gao, Hui;Gao, Minghui;Gao, Ping;Gao, Shou-Jiang;Gao, Wentao;Gao, Xiaobo;Garcera, Ana;Garcia, Maria Noé;Garcia, Verónica E;García-Del Portillo, Francisco;Garcia-Escudero, Vega;Garcia-Garcia, Aracely;Garcia-Macia, Marina;García-Moreno, Diana;Garcia-Ruiz, Carmen;García-Sanz, Patricia;Garg, Abhishek D;Gargini, Ricardo;Garofalo, Tina;Garry, Robert F;Gassen, Nils C;Gatica, Damian;Ge, Liang;Ge, Wanzhong;Geiss-Friedlander, Ruth;Gelfi, Cecilia;Genschik, Pascal;Gentle, Ian E;Gerbino, Valeria;Gerhardt, Christoph;Germain, Kyla;Germain, Marc;Gewirtz, David A;Ghasemipour Afshar, Elham;Ghavami, Saeid;Ghigo, Alessandra;Ghosh, Manosij;Giamas, Georgios;Giampietri, Claudia;Giatromanolaki, Alexandra;Gibson, Gary E;Gibson, Spencer B;Ginet, Vanessa;Giniger, Edward;Giorgi, Carlotta;Girao, Henrique;Girardin, Stephen E;Giridharan, Mridhula;Giuliano, Sandy;Giulivi, Cecilia;Giuriato, Sylvie;Giustiniani, Julien;Gluschko, Alexander;Goder, Veit;Goginashvili, Alexander;Golab, Jakub;Goldstone, David C;Golebiewska, Anna;Gomes, Luciana R;Gomez, Rodrigo;Gómez-Sánchez, Rubén;Gomez-Puerto, Maria Catalina;Gomez-Sintes, Raquel;Gong, Qingqiu;Goni, Felix M;González-Gallego, Javier;Gonzalez-Hernandez, Tomas;Gonzalez-Polo, Rosa A;Gonzalez-Reyes, Jose A;González-Rodríguez, Patricia;Goping, Ing Swie;Gorbatyuk, Marina S;Gorbunov, Nikolai V;Görgülü, Kıvanç;Gorojod, Roxana M;Gorski, Sharon M;Goruppi, Sandro;Gotor, Cecilia;Gottlieb, Roberta A;Gozes, Illana;Gozuacik, Devrim;Graef, Martin;Gräler, Markus H;Granatiero, Veronica;Grasso, Daniel;Gray, Joshua P;Green, Douglas R;Greenhough, Alexander;Gregory, Stephen L;Griffin, Edward F;Grinstaff, Mark W;Gros, Frederic;Grose, Charles;Gross, Angelina S;Gruber, Florian;Grumati, Paolo;Grune, Tilman;Gu, Xueyan;Guan, Jun-Lin;Guardia, Carlos M;Guda, Kishore;Guerra, Flora;Guerri, Consuelo;Guha, Prasun;Guillén, Carlos;Gujar, Shashi;Gukovskaya, Anna;Gukovsky, Ilya;Gunst, Jan;Günther, Andreas;Guntur, Anyonya R;Guo, Chuanyong;Guo, Chun;Guo, Hongqing;Guo, Lian-Wang;Guo, Ming;Gupta, Pawan;Gupta, Shashi Kumar;Gupta, Swapnil;Gupta, Veer Bala;Gupta, Vivek;Gustafsson, Asa B;Gutterman, David D;H B, Ranjitha;Haapasalo, Annakaisa;Haber, James E;Hać, Aleksandra;Hadano, Shinji;Hafrén, Anders J;Haidar, Mansour;Hall, Belinda S;Halldén, Gunnel;Hamacher-Brady, Anne;Hamann, Andrea;Hamasaki, Maho;Han, Weidong;Hansen, Malene;Hanson, Phyllis I;Hao, Zijian;Harada, Masaru;Harhaji-Trajkovic, Ljubica;Hariharan, Nirmala;Haroon, Nigil;Harris, James;Hasegawa, Takafumi;Hasima Nagoor, Noor;Haspel, Jeffrey A;Haucke, Volker;Hawkins, Wayne D;Hay, Bruce A;Haynes, Cole M;Hayrabedyan, Soren B;Hays, Thomas S;He, Congcong;He, Qin;He, Rong-Rong;He, You-Wen;He, Yu-Ying;Heakal, Yasser;Heberle, Alexander M;Hejtmancik, J Fielding;Helgason, Gudmundur Vignir;Henkel, Vanessa;Herb, Marc;Hergovich, Alexander;Herman-Antosiewicz, Anna;Hernández, Agustín;Hernandez, Carlos;Hernandez-Diaz, Sergio;Hernandez-Gea, Virginia;Herpin, Amaury;Herreros, Judit;Hervás, Javier H;Hesselson, Daniel;Hetz, Claudio;Heussler, Volker T;Higuchi, Yujiro;Hilfiker, Sabine;Hill, Joseph A;Hlavacek, William S;Ho, Emmanuel A;Ho, Idy H T;Ho, Philip Wing-Lok;Ho, Shu-Leong;Ho, Wan Yun;Hobbs, G Aaron;Hochstrasser, Mark;Hoet, Peter H M;Hofius, Daniel;Hofman, Paul;Höhn, Annika;Holmberg, Carina I;Hombrebueno, Jose R;Yi-Ren Hong, Chang-Won Hong;Hooper, Lora V;Hoppe, Thorsten;Horos, Rastislav;Hoshida, Yujin;Hsin, I-Lun;Hsu, Hsin-Yun;Hu, Bing;Hu, Dong;Hu, Li-Fang;Hu, Ming Chang;Hu, Ronggui;Hu, Wei;Hu, Yu-Chen;Hu, Zhuo-Wei;Hua, Fang;Hua, Jinlian;Hua, Yingqi;Huan, Chongmin;Huang, Canhua;Huang, Chuanshu;Huang, Chuanxin;Huang, Chunling;Huang, Haishan;Huang, Kun;Huang, Michael L H;Huang, Rui;Huang, Shan;Huang, Tianzhi;Huang, Xing;Huang, Yuxiang Jack;Huber, Tobias B;Hubert, Virginie;Hubner, Christian A;Hughes, Stephanie M;Hughes, William E;Humbert, Magali;Hummer, Gerhard;Hurley, James H;Hussain, Sabah;Hussain, Salik;Hussey, Patrick J;Hutabarat, Martina;Hwang, Hui-Yun;Hwang, Seungmin;Ieni, Antonio;Ikeda, Fumiyo;Imagawa, Yusuke;Imai, Yuzuru;Imbriano, Carol;Imoto, Masaya;Inman, Denise M;Inoki, Ken;Iovanna, Juan;Iozzo, Renato V;Ippolito, Giuseppe;Irazoqui, Javier E;Iribarren, Pablo;Ishaq, Mohd;Ishikawa, Makoto;Ishimwe, Nestor;Isidoro, Ciro;Ismail, Nahed;Issazadeh-Navikas, Shohreh;Itakura, Eisuke;Ito, Daisuke;Ivankovic, Davor;Ivanova, Saška;Iyer, Anand Krishnan V;Izquierdo, José M;Izumi, Masanori;Jäättelä, Marja;Jabir, Majid Sakhi;Jackson, William T;Jacobo-Herrera, Nadia;Jacomin, Anne-Claire;Jacquin, Elise;Jadiya, Pooja;Jaeschke, Hartmut;Jagannath, Chinnaswamy;Jakobi, Arjen J;Jakobsson, Johan;Janji, Bassam;Jansen-Dürr, Pidder;Jansson, Patric J;Jantsch, Jonathan;Januszewski, Sławomir;Jassey, Alagie;Jean, Steve;Jeltsch-David, Hélène;Jendelova, Pavla;Jenny, Andreas;Jensen, Thomas E;Jessen, Niels;Jewell, Jenna L;Ji, Jing;Jia, Lijun;Jia, Rui;Jiang, Liwen;Jiang, Qing;Jiang, Richeng;Jiang, Teng;Jiang, Xuejun;Jiang, Yu;Jimenez-Sanchez, Maria;Jin, Eun-Jung;Jin, Fengyan;Jin, Hongchuan;Jin, Li;Jin, Luqi;Jin, Meiyan;Jin, Si;Jo, Eun-Kyeong;Joffre, Carine;Johansen, Terje;Johnson, Gail V W;Johnston, Simon A;Jokitalo, Eija;Jolly, Mohit Kumar;Joosten, Leo A B;Jordan, Joaquin;Joseph, Bertrand;Ju, Dianwen;Ju, Jeong-Sun;Ju, Jingfang;Juárez, Esmeralda;Judith, Delphine;Juhász, Gábor;Jun, Youngsoo;Jung, Chang Hwa;Jung, Sung-Chul;Jung, Yong Keun;Jungbluth, Heinz;Jungverdorben, Johannes;Just, Steffen;Kaarniranta, Kai;Kaasik, Allen;Kabuta, Tomohiro;Kaganovich, Daniel;Kahana, Alon;Kain, Renate;Kajimura, Shinjo;Kalamvoki, Maria;Kalia, Manjula;Kalinowski, Danuta S;Kaludercic, Nina;Kalvari, Ioanna;Kaminska, Joanna;Kaminskyy, Vitaliy O;Kanamori, Hiromitsu;Kanasaki, Keizo;Kang, Chanhee;Kang, Rui;Kang, Sang Sun;Kaniyappan, Senthilvelrajan;Kanki, Tomotake;Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi;Kanthasamy, Anumantha G;Kanthasamy, Arthi;Kantorow, Marc;Kapuy, Orsolya;Karamouzis, Michalis V;Karim, Md Razaul;Karmakar, Parimal;Katare, Rajesh G;Kato, Masaru;Kaufmann, Stefan H E;Kauppinen, Anu;Kaushal, Gur P;Kaushik, Susmita;Kawasaki, Kiyoshi;Kazan, Kemal;Ke, Po-Yuan;Keating, Damien J;Keber, Ursula;Kehrl, John H;Keller, Kate E;Keller, Christian W;Kemper, Jongsook Kim;Kenific, Candia M;Kepp, Oliver;Kermorgant, Stephanie;Kern, Andreas;Ketteler, Robin;Keulers, Tom G;Khalfin, Boris;Khalil, Hany;Khambu, Bilon;Khan, Shahid Y;Khandelwal, Vinoth Kumar Megraj;Khandia, Rekha;Kho, Widuri;Khobrekar, Noopur V;Khuansuwan, Sataree;Khundadze, Mukhran;Killackey, Samuel A;Kim, Dasol;Kim, Deok Ryong;Kim, Do-Hyung;Kim, Dong-Eun;Kim, Eun Young;Kim, Eun-Kyoung;Kim, Hak-Rim;Kim, Hee-Sik;Hyung-Ryong Kim, null;Kim, Jeong Hun;Kim, Jin Kyung;Kim, Jin-Hoi;Kim, Joungmok;Kim, Ju Hwan;Kim, Keun Il;Kim, Peter K;Kim, Seong-Jun;Kimball, Scot R;Kimchi, Adi;Kimmelman, Alec C;Kimura, Tomonori;King, Matthew A;Kinghorn, Kerri J;Kinsey, Conan G;Kirkin, Vladimir;Kirshenbaum, Lorrie A;Kiselev, Sergey L;Kishi, Shuji;Kitamoto, Katsuhiko;Kitaoka, Yasushi;Kitazato, Kaio;Kitsis, Richard N;Kittler, Josef T;Kjaerulff, Ole;Klein, Peter S;Klopstock, Thomas;Klucken, Jochen;Knævelsrud, Helene;Knorr, Roland L;Ko, Ben C B;Ko, Fred;Ko, Jiunn-Liang;Kobayashi, Hotaka;Kobayashi, Satoru;Koch, Ina;Koch, Jan C;Koenig, 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Zhibing;Laird, Angela S;Lakkaraju, Aparna;Lamark, Trond;Lan, Sheng-Hui;Landajuela, Ane;Lane, Darius J R;Lane, Jon D;Lang, Charles H;Lange, Carsten;Langel, Ülo;Langer, Rupert;Lapaquette, Pierre;Laporte, Jocelyn;LaRusso, Nicholas F;Lastres-Becker, Isabel;Lau, Wilson Chun Yu;Laurie, Gordon W;Lavandero, Sergio;Law, Betty Yuen Kwan;Law, Helen Ka-Wai;Layfield, Rob;Le, Weidong;Le Stunff, Herve;Leary, Alexandre Y;Lebrun, Jean-Jacques;Leck, Lionel Y W;Leduc-Gaudet, Jean-Philippe;Lee, Changwook;Lee, Chung-Pei;Lee, Da-Hye;Lee, Edward B;Lee, Erinna F;Lee, Gyun Min;Lee, He-Jin;Lee, Heung Kyu;Lee, Jae Man;Lee, Jason S;Lee, Jin-A;Lee, Joo-Yong;Lee, Jun Hee;Lee, Michael;Lee, Min Goo;Lee, Min Jae;Lee, Myung-Shik;Lee, Sang Yoon;Lee, Seung-Jae;Lee, Stella Y;Lee, Sung Bae;Lee, Won Hee;Lee, Ying-Ray;Lee, Yong-Ho;Lee, Youngil;Lefebvre, Christophe;Legouis, Renaud;Lei, Yu L;Lei, Yuchen;Leikin, Sergey;Leitinger, Gerd;Lemus, Leticia;Leng, Shuilong;Lenoir, Olivia;Lenz, Guido;Lenz, Heinz Josef;Lenzi, Paola;León, 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Alessandro;Lucocq, John M;Ludovico, Paula;Luftig, Micah A;Luhr, Morten;Luis-Ravelo, Diego;Lum, Julian J;Luna-Dulcey, Liany;Lund, Anders H;Lund, Viktor K;Lünemann, Jan D;Lüningschrör, Patrick;Luo, Honglin;Luo, Rongcan;Luo, Shouqing;Luo, Zhi;Luparello, Claudio;Lüscher, Bernhard;Luu, Luan;Lyakhovich, Alex;Lyamzaev, Konstantin G;Lystad, Alf Håkon;Lytvynchuk, Lyubomyr;Ma, Alvin C;Ma, Changle;Ma, Mengxiao;Ma, Ning-Fang;Ma, Quan-Hong;Ma, Xinliang;Ma, Yueyun;Ma, Zhenyi;MacDougald, Ormond A;Macian, Fernando;MacIntosh, Gustavo C;MacKeigan, Jeffrey P;Macleod, Kay F;Maday, Sandra;Madeo, Frank;Madesh, Muniswamy;Madl, Tobias;Madrigal-Matute, Julio;Maeda, Akiko;Maejima, Yasuhiro;Magarinos, Marta;Mahavadi, Poornima;Maiani, Emiliano;Maiese, Kenneth;Maiti, Panchanan;Maiuri, Maria Chiara;Majello, Barbara;Major, Michael B;Makareeva, Elena;Malik, Fayaz;Mallilankaraman, Karthik;Malorni, Walter;Maloyan, Alina;Mammadova, Najiba;Man, Gene Chi Wai;Manai, Federico;Mancias, Joseph D;Mandelkow, Eva-Maria;Mandell, 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V;Matarrese, Paola;Matheu, Ander;Matoba, Satoaki;Matsuzaki, Sachiko;Mattar, Pamela;Matte, Alessandro;Mattoscio, Domenico;Mauriz, José L;Mauthe, Mario;Mauvezin, Caroline;Maverakis, Emanual;Maycotte, Paola;Mayer, Johanna;Mazzoccoli, Gianluigi;Mazzoni, Cristina;Mazzulli, Joseph R;McCarty, Nami;McDonald, Christine;McGill, Mitchell R;McKenna, Sharon L;McLaughlin, BethAnn;McLoughlin, Fionn;McNiven, Mark A;McWilliams, Thomas G;Mechta-Grigoriou, Fatima;Medeiros, Tania Catarina;Medina, Diego L;Megeney, Lynn A;Megyeri, Klara;Mehrpour, Maryam;Mehta, Jawahar L;Meijer, Alfred J;Meijer, Annemarie H;Mejlvang, Jakob;Meléndez, Alicia;Melk, Annette;Memisoglu, Gonen;Mendes, Alexandrina F;Meng, Delong;Meng, Fei;Meng, Tian;Menna-Barreto, Rubem;Menon, Manoj B;Mercer, Carol;Mercier, Anne E;Mergny, Jean-Louis;Merighi, Adalberto;Merkley, Seth D;Merla, Giuseppe;Meske, Volker;Mestre, Ana Cecilia;Metur, Shree Padma;Meyer, Christian;Meyer, Hemmo;Mi, Wenyi;Mialet-Perez, Jeanne;Miao, Junying;