A Silicon/Graphene Composite Anode for High-Efficiency Lithium Batteries

Composite anodes based on Si and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) have been prepared using commercial Si nanopowder, graphene oxide (GO) and polyacrilic acid (PAA) as starting materials. A double reduction step, consisting in microwave irradiation at mild power followed by thermal annealing in reducing atmosphere, yielded the composite powder made of Si:reduced graphene oxide (RGO) in the approximate mass ratio 30:70. The charge/discharge properties of the anode materials are determined by the homogeneous dispersion of Si grains between RGO nanosheets, that act as structural buffer for volume changes related to Li-Si reversible alloying and as improved electrical conductor. Electrodes have been prepared using high-molecular weight PAA as binder, which promises better mechanical stability towards silicon volume changes. The electrochemical behavior of the composite anode material has been characterized by galvanostatic cyclations and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, using LiPF61M in EC:DMC 1:1 electrolyte, also modified by the addition of 5% vinylene carbonate (VC). Several anodes have been investigated, consistently delivering reversible capacities higher than 1000 mAhg- 1, with a mechanism that, after initial lithiation of crystalline Si, mainly involves reversible Li-Si alloying/dealloying between amorphous a-Li and a-LixSi phases. Particularly, when cycled in VC-modified electrolyte the anode exhibits a remarkable cycle life, resulting in a residual capacity of more than 900 mAhg- 1 after 60 cycles at 500 mAg-1 and efficiency values close to unity. Several factors concur in determining this behavior, namely: (i) the efficient Si dispersion in RGO carbonaceous matrix; (ii) the good mechanical properties of PAA binder; (iii) the formation of a stabilized SEI by VC additive in the electrolyte.